21 research outputs found

    Identification automatisĂ©e des espĂšces d'arbres dans des scans laser 3D rĂ©alisĂ©s en forĂȘt

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    The objective of the thesis is the automatic recognition of tree species from Terrestrial LiDAR data. This information is essential for forest inventory. As an answer, we propose different recognition methods based on the 3D geometric texture of the bark.These methods use the following processing steps: a preprocessing step, a segmentation step, a feature extraction step and a final classification step. They are based on the 3D data or on depth images built from 3D point clouds of tree trunks using a reference surface.We have investigated and tested several segmentation approaches on depth images representing the geometric texture of the bark. These approaches have the disadvantages of over segmentation and are quite sensitive to noises. For this reason, we propose a new 3D point cloud segmentation approach inspired by the watershed technique that we have called «Burst Wind Segmentation». Our approach succeed in extracting in most cases the characteristic scars that are next compared to those stored in a dictionary («ScarBook») in order to determine the tree species.A large variety of characteristics is extracted from the regions segmented by the different methods proposed. These characteristics are the roughness, the global shape of the segmented regions, the saliency and the curvature of the contour, the distribution of the contour points, the distribution of the shape according to the different orientations.Finally, for the classification of the visual characteristics, the Random Forest method by Leo Breiman and AdĂšle Cutler is used in a two steps approach: selection of the most important variables and cross classification with the selected variables.The bark of the tree changes with the trunk diameter. We have thus studied different natural variability criteria and we have tested our approaches on a test set that includes this variability. The accuracy rate is over 96% for all the proposed segmentation approaches but the best result is obtained with the «Burst Wind Segmentation» one due to the fact that this approach can better extract the scars, it uses a dictionary of scars for recognition, and it has been evaluated on a greater variety of shapes, curvatures, saliency and roughness.L’objectif de ces travaux de thĂšse est la reconnaissance automatique des espĂšces d’arbres Ă  partir de scans laser terrestres, information indispensable en inventaire forestier. Pour y rĂ©pondre, nous proposons diffĂ©rentes mĂ©thodes de reconnaissance d’espĂšce basĂ©es sur la texture gĂ©omĂ©trique 3D des Ă©corces.Ces diffĂ©rentes mĂ©thodes utilisent la sĂ©quence de traitement suivante : une Ă©tape de prĂ©traitement, une Ă©tape de segmentation, une Ă©tape d’extraction des caractĂ©ristiques et une derniĂšre Ă©tape de classification. Elles sont fondĂ©es sur les donnĂ©es 3D ou bien sur des images de profondeur extraites Ă  partir des nuages de points 3D des troncs d’arbres en utilisant une surface de rĂ©fĂ©rence.Nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© et testĂ© diffĂ©rentes approches de segmentation sur des images de profondeur reprĂ©sentant la texture gĂ©omĂ©trique de l'Ă©corce. Ces approches posent des problĂšmes de sur-Segmentation et d'introduction de bruit. Pour cette raison, nous proposons une nouvelle approche de segmentation des nuages de points 3D : « Burst Wind Segmentation », inspirĂ©e des lignes de partage des eaux. Cette derniĂšre rĂ©ussit, dans la majoritĂ© des cas, Ă  extraire des cicatrices caractĂ©ristiques qui sont ensuite comparĂ©es Ă  un dictionnaire des cicatrices (« ScarBook ») pour discriminer les espĂšces d’arbres.Une grande variĂ©tĂ© de caractĂ©ristiques est extraite Ă  partir des rĂ©gions segmentĂ©es par les diffĂ©rentes mĂ©thodes proposĂ©es. Ces caractĂ©ristiques reprĂ©sentent le niveau de rugositĂ©, la forme globale des rĂ©gions segmentĂ©es, la saillance et la courbure du contour, la distribution des points de contour, la distribution de la forme selon diffĂ©rents angles,...Enfin, pour la classification des caractĂ©ristiques visuelles, les forĂȘts alĂ©atoires (Random Forest) de Leo Breiman et AdĂšle Cutler sont utilisĂ©es dans une approche Ă  deux Ă©tapes : sĂ©lection des variables importantes, puis classification croisĂ©e avec les variables retenues, seulement.L’écorce de l’arbre change avec l'accroissement en diamĂštre ; nous avons donc Ă©tudiĂ© diffĂ©rents critĂšres de variabilitĂ© naturelle et nous avons testĂ© nos approches sur une base qui prĂ©sente cette variabilitĂ©. Le taux de bonne classification dĂ©passe 96% dans toutes les approches de segmentation proposĂ©es mais les meilleurs rĂ©sultats sont atteints avec la nouvelle approche de segmentation « Burst Wind Segmentation » Ă©tant donnĂ© que cette approche rĂ©ussit mieux Ă  extraire les cicatrices, utilise un dictionnaire de cicatrices et a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©e sur une plus grande variĂ©tĂ© de caractĂ©ristiques de forme, de courbure, de saillance et de rugositĂ©

    Chemical mediation between the brown Mediterranean alga Taonia atomaria and its associated bacteria

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    Dans le milieu marin, toute surface immergĂ©e est rapidement colonisĂ©e par des bactĂ©ries, puis par d’autres micro-organismes, conduisant Ă  la formation de structures tridimensionnelles complexes appelĂ©es biofilms. Cette Ă©tape est gĂ©nĂ©ralement suivie par l’installation de macro-colonisateurs. NĂ©anmoins, un certain nombre d’organismes marins, tels que les macro-algues, prĂ©sentent des surfaces peu Ă©piphytĂ©es Ă  l’échelle macroscopique. Des algues mĂ©diterranĂ©ennes (Taonia atomaria et Dictyota spp.) ont Ă©tĂ© sĂ©lectionnĂ©es dans le cadre de ces travaux de thĂšse pour leur capacitĂ© Ă  conserver leur surface peu colonisĂ©e. Cependant, des observations de leurs surfaces par microscopie ont montrĂ© l’existence de biofilms diversifiĂ©s Ă  la surface de leurs thalles. Le but de cette thĂšse est de mieux comprendre les mĂ©canismes de mĂ©diation chimique entre ces algues et les bactĂ©ries associĂ©es Ă  leur surface. La premiĂšre partie de ce travail a Ă©tĂ© consacrĂ©e Ă  l’étude du rĂŽle de molĂ©cules d’origine algale vis-Ă -vis de l’adhĂ©sion de bactĂ©ries marines. Pour cela, la composition chimique totale des algues sĂ©lectionnĂ©es a Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©e conduisant Ă  l’isolement et Ă  la caractĂ©risation structurale de 12 molĂ©cules, dont trois se sont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ©es ĂȘtre originales. L’activitĂ© anti-adhĂ©sion de la majoritĂ© de ces composĂ©s a ensuite Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©e : le 1-O-octadecenoylglycĂ©rol s’est avĂ©rĂ© ĂȘtre le produit le plus actif (20 ”M < CE50 <55 ”M). La deuxiĂšme partie a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©diĂ©e plus particuliĂšrement Ă  l’étude du mĂ©tabolome de surface de T. atomaria dans le but d’évaluer son implication dans les interactions Ă©cologiques entre l’algue et les bactĂ©ries associĂ©es Ă  sa surface. Un protocole d’obtention et d’analyse spĂ©cifique des extraits surfaciques a tout d’abord Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©. Ce protocole est basĂ© sur le trempage des thalles dans des solvants organiques et un contrĂŽle de l’intĂ©gritĂ© des cellules membranaires des algues y est associĂ©. L’échantillonnage a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ© mensuellement Ă  Carqueiranne (Nord-ouest de la MĂ©diterranĂ©e, France) durant la pĂ©riode allant de fĂ©vrier Ă  juillet 2013. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus montrent qu’un sesquiterpĂšne est exprimĂ© majoritairement Ă  la surface de l’algue. Il a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©montrĂ© que ce composĂ© inhibe l’adhĂ©sion de souches bactĂ©riennes de rĂ©fĂ©rence tout en restant inactif vis-Ă -vis de celles isolĂ©es Ă  la surface de l’algue. Une telle spĂ©cificitĂ© n’a pas Ă©tĂ© observĂ©e ni dans le cas de biocides commerciaux, ni pour les autres mĂ©tabolites produits par T. atomaria. Dans un second temps, un suivi saisonnier des extraits de surface ainsi que des communautĂ©s bactĂ©riennes associĂ©es a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ© par mĂ©tabolomique (LC-MS) et DGGE, respectivement. Des fluctuations saisonniĂšres de ces deux paramĂštres ont Ă©tĂ© reportĂ©es sans mettre en Ă©vidence de corrĂ©lation Ă©vidente entre eux. La prĂ©sence de la molĂ©cule majeure de surface durant tout le suivi saisonnier a Ă©tĂ© notĂ©e ainsi que sa capacitĂ© Ă  diffuser dans l’eau de mer. Enfin, l’étude de l’implication potentielle des bactĂ©ries associĂ©es Ă  T. atomaria dans le contrĂŽle du biofilm a Ă©tĂ© entreprise en Ă©valuant l’activitĂ© de leurs extraits vis-Ă -vis de l’adhĂ©sion de souches de rĂ©fĂ©rence. En conclusion, nous Ă©mettons l'hypothĂšse que T. atomaria pourraient contrĂŽler partiellement le biofilm associĂ© Ă  sa surface en faisant intervenir des mĂ©tabolites spĂ©cifiques.In the marine environment, all submerged surfaces are rapidly colonized by bacteria and other microorganisms, resulting in the formation of complex three-dimensional structures called biofilms. This step could be followed by the attachment of macro-colonizers. Nevertheless, a number of marine organisms, such as macro-algae, appeared to be relatively free of epibionts at a macroscopic scale. In this study, several Mediterranean algae (Taonia atomaria and Dictyota spp.) were selected for their ability to keep their surface free of biofouling. However, microscopic techniques allowed the observation of a diversified biofilm on the surface of their thalli. The purpose of this work was to understand how this alga could interact with its associated bacteria using a chemical ecological approach. The first part of this work deals with studying the anti-adhesion properties of algal molecules against a range of marine bacteria. For this, the whole chemical composition of the two algae was analyzed leading to the isolation and structural characterization of 12 molecules from which three were found to be new. The anti-adhesion activity of some of these compounds was then evaluated: 1-O-octadecenoylglycerol proved to be the most active product (20 ”M < EC50 <55 ”M). The second part of this study was dedicated to the study of the surface metabolome of T. atomaria in order to assess its involvement in the ecological interactions between the alga and its associated bacteria. A specific extraction protocol was optimized for the surface compounds using a dipping technique in organic solvents associated with the integrity control of algal cell membrane. Sampling was carried out monthly at Carqueiranne (N W Mediterranean Sea, France) between February and July 2013. The results showed the presence of a major molecule in accordance with a sesquiterpenic structure. Anti-adhesion capacity against reference bacterial strains was noticed for this compound, while it remained inactive against strains isolated from the algal surface. This specificity was not observed for commercial biocides and the other molecules purified from crude algal extracts of T. atomaria. Then, changes in surface extracts and associated bacterial surface communities were monitored using metabolomics (LC-MS) and DGGE, respectively. Seasonal fluctuations for the two parameters could be reported without any evident correlation between them. The occurrence of the major molecule throughout the seasonal monitoring was also noticed and its capacity to diffuse in the marine environment was shown. Finally, the study of the potential involvement of the associated bacteria in the biofilm control was conducted by evaluating the anti-adhesion activity of their crude extracts against reference strains. In conclusion, we hypothesize that T. atomaria could control at least partially the biofilm at its surface using specific metabolites

    Automatic recognition of tree species from 3D point clouds of forest plots

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    L’objectif de ces travaux de thĂšse est la reconnaissance automatique des espĂšces d’arbres Ă  partir de scans laser terrestres, information indispensable en inventaire forestier. Pour y rĂ©pondre, nous proposons diffĂ©rentes mĂ©thodes de reconnaissance d’espĂšce basĂ©es sur la texture gĂ©omĂ©trique 3D des Ă©corces.Ces diffĂ©rentes mĂ©thodes utilisent la sĂ©quence de traitement suivante : une Ă©tape de prĂ©traitement, une Ă©tape de segmentation, une Ă©tape d’extraction des caractĂ©ristiques et une derniĂšre Ă©tape de classification. Elles sont fondĂ©es sur les donnĂ©es 3D ou bien sur des images de profondeur extraites Ă  partir des nuages de points 3D des troncs d’arbres en utilisant une surface de rĂ©fĂ©rence.Nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© et testĂ© diffĂ©rentes approches de segmentation sur des images de profondeur reprĂ©sentant la texture gĂ©omĂ©trique de l'Ă©corce. Ces approches posent des problĂšmes de sur-Segmentation et d'introduction de bruit. Pour cette raison, nous proposons une nouvelle approche de segmentation des nuages de points 3D : « Burst Wind Segmentation », inspirĂ©e des lignes de partage des eaux. Cette derniĂšre rĂ©ussit, dans la majoritĂ© des cas, Ă  extraire des cicatrices caractĂ©ristiques qui sont ensuite comparĂ©es Ă  un dictionnaire des cicatrices (« ScarBook ») pour discriminer les espĂšces d’arbres.Une grande variĂ©tĂ© de caractĂ©ristiques est extraite Ă  partir des rĂ©gions segmentĂ©es par les diffĂ©rentes mĂ©thodes proposĂ©es. Ces caractĂ©ristiques reprĂ©sentent le niveau de rugositĂ©, la forme globale des rĂ©gions segmentĂ©es, la saillance et la courbure du contour, la distribution des points de contour, la distribution de la forme selon diffĂ©rents angles,...Enfin, pour la classification des caractĂ©ristiques visuelles, les forĂȘts alĂ©atoires (Random Forest) de Leo Breiman et AdĂšle Cutler sont utilisĂ©es dans une approche Ă  deux Ă©tapes : sĂ©lection des variables importantes, puis classification croisĂ©e avec les variables retenues, seulement.L’écorce de l’arbre change avec l'accroissement en diamĂštre ; nous avons donc Ă©tudiĂ© diffĂ©rents critĂšres de variabilitĂ© naturelle et nous avons testĂ© nos approches sur une base qui prĂ©sente cette variabilitĂ©. Le taux de bonne classification dĂ©passe 96% dans toutes les approches de segmentation proposĂ©es mais les meilleurs rĂ©sultats sont atteints avec la nouvelle approche de segmentation « Burst Wind Segmentation » Ă©tant donnĂ© que cette approche rĂ©ussit mieux Ă  extraire les cicatrices, utilise un dictionnaire de cicatrices et a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©e sur une plus grande variĂ©tĂ© de caractĂ©ristiques de forme, de courbure, de saillance et de rugositĂ©.The objective of the thesis is the automatic recognition of tree species from Terrestrial LiDAR data. This information is essential for forest inventory. As an answer, we propose different recognition methods based on the 3D geometric texture of the bark.These methods use the following processing steps: a preprocessing step, a segmentation step, a feature extraction step and a final classification step. They are based on the 3D data or on depth images built from 3D point clouds of tree trunks using a reference surface.We have investigated and tested several segmentation approaches on depth images representing the geometric texture of the bark. These approaches have the disadvantages of over segmentation and are quite sensitive to noises. For this reason, we propose a new 3D point cloud segmentation approach inspired by the watershed technique that we have called «Burst Wind Segmentation». Our approach succeed in extracting in most cases the characteristic scars that are next compared to those stored in a dictionary («ScarBook») in order to determine the tree species.A large variety of characteristics is extracted from the regions segmented by the different methods proposed. These characteristics are the roughness, the global shape of the segmented regions, the saliency and the curvature of the contour, the distribution of the contour points, the distribution of the shape according to the different orientations.Finally, for the classification of the visual characteristics, the Random Forest method by Leo Breiman and AdĂšle Cutler is used in a two steps approach: selection of the most important variables and cross classification with the selected variables.The bark of the tree changes with the trunk diameter. We have thus studied different natural variability criteria and we have tested our approaches on a test set that includes this variability. The accuracy rate is over 96% for all the proposed segmentation approaches but the best result is obtained with the «Burst Wind Segmentation» one due to the fact that this approach can better extract the scars, it uses a dictionary of scars for recognition, and it has been evaluated on a greater variety of shapes, curvatures, saliency and roughness

    MĂ©diation chimique entre l’algue brune mĂ©diterranĂ©enne Taonia atomaria et la communautĂ© bactĂ©rienne associĂ©e Ă  sa surface

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    In the marine environment, all submerged surfaces are rapidly colonized by bacteria and other microorganisms, resulting in the formation of complex three-dimensional structures called biofilms. This step could be followed by the attachment of macro-colonizers. Nevertheless, a number of marine organisms, such as macro-algae, appeared to be relatively free of epibionts at a macroscopic scale. In this study, several Mediterranean algae (Taonia atomaria and Dictyota spp.) were selected for their ability to keep their surface free of biofouling. However, microscopic techniques allowed the observation of a diversified biofilm on the surface of their thalli. The purpose of this work was to understand how this alga could interact with its associated bacteria using a chemical ecological approach. The first part of this work deals with studying the anti-adhesion properties of algal molecules against a range of marine bacteria. For this, the whole chemical composition of the two algae was analyzed leading to the isolation and structural characterization of 12 molecules from which three were found to be new. The anti-adhesion activity of some of these compounds was then evaluated: 1-O-octadecenoylglycerol proved to be the most active product (20 ”M < EC50 <55 ”M). The second part of this study was dedicated to the study of the surface metabolome of T. atomaria in order to assess its involvement in the ecological interactions between the alga and its associated bacteria. A specific extraction protocol was optimized for the surface compounds using a dipping technique in organic solvents associated with the integrity control of algal cell membrane. Sampling was carried out monthly at Carqueiranne (N W Mediterranean Sea, France) between February and July 2013. The results showed the presence of a major molecule in accordance with a sesquiterpenic structure. Anti-adhesion capacity against reference bacterial strains was noticed for this compound, while it remained inactive against strains isolated from the algal surface. This specificity was not observed for commercial biocides and the other molecules purified from crude algal extracts of T. atomaria. Then, changes in surface extracts and associated bacterial surface communities were monitored using metabolomics (LC-MS) and DGGE, respectively. Seasonal fluctuations for the two parameters could be reported without any evident correlation between them. The occurrence of the major molecule throughout the seasonal monitoring was also noticed and its capacity to diffuse in the marine environment was shown. Finally, the study of the potential involvement of the associated bacteria in the biofilm control was conducted by evaluating the anti-adhesion activity of their crude extracts against reference strains. In conclusion, we hypothesize that T. atomaria could control at least partially the biofilm at its surface using specific metabolites.Dans le milieu marin, toute surface immergĂ©e est rapidement colonisĂ©e par des bactĂ©ries, puis par d’autres micro-organismes, conduisant Ă  la formation de structures tridimensionnelles complexes appelĂ©es biofilms. Cette Ă©tape est gĂ©nĂ©ralement suivie par l’installation de macro-colonisateurs. NĂ©anmoins, un certain nombre d’organismes marins, tels que les macro-algues, prĂ©sentent des surfaces peu Ă©piphytĂ©es Ă  l’échelle macroscopique. Des algues mĂ©diterranĂ©ennes (Taonia atomaria et Dictyota spp.) ont Ă©tĂ© sĂ©lectionnĂ©es dans le cadre de ces travaux de thĂšse pour leur capacitĂ© Ă  conserver leur surface peu colonisĂ©e. Cependant, des observations de leurs surfaces par microscopie ont montrĂ© l’existence de biofilms diversifiĂ©s Ă  la surface de leurs thalles. Le but de cette thĂšse est de mieux comprendre les mĂ©canismes de mĂ©diation chimique entre ces algues et les bactĂ©ries associĂ©es Ă  leur surface. La premiĂšre partie de ce travail a Ă©tĂ© consacrĂ©e Ă  l’étude du rĂŽle de molĂ©cules d’origine algale vis-Ă -vis de l’adhĂ©sion de bactĂ©ries marines. Pour cela, la composition chimique totale des algues sĂ©lectionnĂ©es a Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©e conduisant Ă  l’isolement et Ă  la caractĂ©risation structurale de 12 molĂ©cules, dont trois se sont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ©es ĂȘtre originales. L’activitĂ© anti-adhĂ©sion de la majoritĂ© de ces composĂ©s a ensuite Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©e : le 1-O-octadecenoylglycĂ©rol s’est avĂ©rĂ© ĂȘtre le produit le plus actif (20 ”M < CE50 <55 ”M). La deuxiĂšme partie a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©diĂ©e plus particuliĂšrement Ă  l’étude du mĂ©tabolome de surface de T. atomaria dans le but d’évaluer son implication dans les interactions Ă©cologiques entre l’algue et les bactĂ©ries associĂ©es Ă  sa surface. Un protocole d’obtention et d’analyse spĂ©cifique des extraits surfaciques a tout d’abord Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©. Ce protocole est basĂ© sur le trempage des thalles dans des solvants organiques et un contrĂŽle de l’intĂ©gritĂ© des cellules membranaires des algues y est associĂ©. L’échantillonnage a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ© mensuellement Ă  Carqueiranne (Nord-ouest de la MĂ©diterranĂ©e, France) durant la pĂ©riode allant de fĂ©vrier Ă  juillet 2013. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus montrent qu’un sesquiterpĂšne est exprimĂ© majoritairement Ă  la surface de l’algue. Il a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©montrĂ© que ce composĂ© inhibe l’adhĂ©sion de souches bactĂ©riennes de rĂ©fĂ©rence tout en restant inactif vis-Ă -vis de celles isolĂ©es Ă  la surface de l’algue. Une telle spĂ©cificitĂ© n’a pas Ă©tĂ© observĂ©e ni dans le cas de biocides commerciaux, ni pour les autres mĂ©tabolites produits par T. atomaria. Dans un second temps, un suivi saisonnier des extraits de surface ainsi que des communautĂ©s bactĂ©riennes associĂ©es a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ© par mĂ©tabolomique (LC-MS) et DGGE, respectivement. Des fluctuations saisonniĂšres de ces deux paramĂštres ont Ă©tĂ© reportĂ©es sans mettre en Ă©vidence de corrĂ©lation Ă©vidente entre eux. La prĂ©sence de la molĂ©cule majeure de surface durant tout le suivi saisonnier a Ă©tĂ© notĂ©e ainsi que sa capacitĂ© Ă  diffuser dans l’eau de mer. Enfin, l’étude de l’implication potentielle des bactĂ©ries associĂ©es Ă  T. atomaria dans le contrĂŽle du biofilm a Ă©tĂ© entreprise en Ă©valuant l’activitĂ© de leurs extraits vis-Ă -vis de l’adhĂ©sion de souches de rĂ©fĂ©rence. En conclusion, nous Ă©mettons l'hypothĂšse que T. atomaria pourraient contrĂŽler partiellement le biofilm associĂ© Ă  sa surface en faisant intervenir des mĂ©tabolites spĂ©cifiques

    Hybrid segmentation of depth images using a watershed and region merging based method for tree species recognition

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    International audienceTree species recognition from Terrestrial Light Detection and Ranging (T-LiDAR) scanner data is essential for estimating forest inventory attributes in a mixed planting. In this paper, we propose a new method for individual tree species recognition based on the analysis of the 3D geometric texture of tree barks. Our method transforms the 3D point cloud of a 30 cm segment of the tree trunk into a depth image on which a hybrid segmentation method using watershed and region merging techniques is applied in order to reveal bark shape characteristics. Finally, shape and intensity features are calculated on the segmented depth image and used to classify five different tree species using a Random Forest (RF) classifier. Our method has been tested using two datasets acquired in two different French forests with different terrain characteristics. The accuracy and precision rates obtained for both datasets are over 89%

    愛與死的間çč«:é—œæ–Œćœšæˆ‘ćąłäžŠè”·èˆžäž€æ›ž

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    International audienceMesh segmentation and annotation using semantics has received an increased interest with the recent democratisation of 3D reconstruction methods. The common approach is to perform this task in two steps, by first segmenting the mesh and then annotating it. However, this approach does not allow one part to take advantage of the other. In image processing, some methods are combining segmentation and annotation, but they are not generic and require implementation adjustments or rewritings for each modification of the expert knowledge. In this work, we describe an original framework that mixes segmen-tation and annotation while minimizing the required geometric analysis and we give preliminary results showing its feasability. Our framework provides a generic ontology describing object feature concepts (geometry, topology, etc.) and algorithms allowing to detect these concepts. This ontology can be enlarged by any expert to formally describe a specific do-main. The formalized domain description is then used to automatically perform the joint segmentation and annotation of objects and their features, by selecting at each step the most relevant algorithm given the previously detected seman-tics. This methodology has several advantages. Firsly it allows to segment and annotate objects without any knowledge in mesh or image processing by sim-ply describing the object features in terms of ontological concepts. Secondly this framework can be easily reused and applied to different contexts by sim-ply building on our generic ontology. Finally performing the joint segmentation and annotation allows to use in an efficient way the expert knowledge, reducing possible segmentation errors and the computation time by always launching the most efficient algorithm

    Identification des espÚces d'arbres à partir de données T-LiDAR Tree species identification using T-LiDAR data

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    National audienceEn raison de l'utilisation croissante des scanners LiDAR terrestre (T-LiDAR) dans le domaine forestier, le dĂ©veloppement d'outils logiciels pour la mesure automatique d'attributs d'inventaire forestier est devenu un domaine de recherche important. De nombreux travaux portant sur la localisation des arbres dans un nuage de points, la mesure du diamĂštre Ă  hauteur de poitrine (DHP) ou la mesure de la hauteur des arbres ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©crits dans la littĂ©rature. Cependant, le problĂšme de l'identification des espĂšces d'arbres Ă  partir de donnĂ©es T-LiDAR a Ă©tĂ© peu abordĂ©. La plupart des travaux utilisent des donnĂ©es LiDAR aĂ©roportĂ©es et les espĂšces des arbres sont dĂ©terminĂ©es Ă  l'Ă©chelle du massif forestier. Dans cet article, nous proposons une mĂ©thode d'identification de l'espĂšce d'un arbre parmi cinq espĂšces diffĂ©rentes, basĂ©e sur l'analyse de la texture gĂ©omĂ©trique 3D de l'Ă©corce extraite d'un segment de tronc. Les caractĂ©ristiques de texture sont calculĂ©es en utilisant les transformĂ©es en ondelettes complexes et les Contourlets. Pour la classification, nous avons utilisĂ© l'approche des ForĂȘts AlĂ©atoires (Random Forest). Nos premiers rĂ©sultats sont encourageants et confirment notre hypothĂšse selon laquelle le nuage de points 3D de l'Ă©corce d'un arbre contient des informations caractĂ©ristiques permettant de dĂ©terminer l'espĂšce d'un arbre

    Surface metabolites of the brown alga Taonia atomaria have the ability to regulate epibiosis

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    This study aimed to improve understanding of the strategies developed by the Mediterranean seaweed Taonia atomaria to chemically control bacterial epibiosis. An experimental protocol was optimized to specifically extract algal surface-associated metabolites by a technique involving dipping in organic solvents whilst the integrity of algal cell membranes was assessed by fluorescent microscopy. This methodology was validated using mass spectrometry-based profiles of algal extracts and analysis of their principal components, which led to the selection of methanol as the extraction solvent with a maximum exposure time of 15 s. Six compounds (A–F) were identified in the resulting surface extracts. Two of these surface-associated compounds (B and C) showed selective anti-adhesion properties against reference bacterial strains isolated from artificial surfaces while remaining inactive against epibiotic bacteria of T. atomaria. Such specificity was not observed for commercial antifouling biocides and other molecules identified in the surface or whole-cell extracts of T. atomaria
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